Emergence of payment systems in the age of electronic commerce the state of the art

Introduction The author of the article is Singh Sumanjeet of the University of New Delhi. The article written is called â€Å"Emergence of payment systems in the age of electronic commerce: the state of the art.† The article is featured in the second issue of the second volume of â€Å"Global journal of international business research† for the year 2009.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Emergence of payment systems in the age of electronic commerce: the state of the art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The major issue being discussed in the article is how trade has faced a major revolution by the use of online payment systems. According to Stanford-Smith and Chiozza (354) new online payment systems are very critical in ensuring that electronic commerce is taken to the next level. Over the years the growth of internet technologies and other web based applications has led to the soaring leve ls of electronic commerce. Forex transactions have equally improved much because of these e-payment systems. Exchange of commodities is now done mostly online. This has necessitated the need for online payment systems. These are widely discussed by the author in the article. Title and Abstract The aptness and clarity of the title is beyond question. The title is very appropriate as relates to the discussion that follows. However, the part titled â€Å"the state of art† in the article receives very little attention by the author. On a general scale though, the title reflects the discussion in the paper. As concerns the specificity of the abstract, it is very specific as the author gives a classic introduction of the whole subject to be discussed. A link between why e-payment systems come in play and the whole concept of the electronic commerce are so aptly woven in the abstract. This especially is in line with B2B, B2C and even some instances C2C models. Further a highlight of the several e-payment systems is given just as much as the advantages to be expected. In general terms, the specificity of the abstract is admirable. Purpose of the article and its clarity The purpose of the article is made very clear to us by the author. It is easier for anyone scanning through the article to understand the author reinforces the fact that e-commerce has led to a development of systems that will be compatible with that type of trade. Further the examples of online payment systems like the e-cash, online credit cards among others simply make the purpose clearer. We however may not be in a position to understand from the onset whether these systems are advocated for or not buy the author. According to Gangopadhyay (151) electronic payment systems face a challenge of acceptability. This is a point that is very well captured by the article written. In as much as the author gives a view of how these payment systems have been growing, the article captures a few weaknesse s also noted. The author is in congruence with Hedbor (23) who opines that online credit cards pose a very high level of vulnerability as relates to their security.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Errors and Misinterpretation The author meticulously presents the argument. However spelling mistakes at one point and another reduces the trust that one would lay on the arguments. At the same time, some statements lack coherence and so one is not in a position to clearly state what the argument is all about. An error is made in page 18. The last statement before the table indicating sales has no actual factual sense. It is so vague and one finds it hard to understand whether the implications are being related to new developments or the study of the same. Relevance of the discussion The discussion remains relevant through the pages with the author stating the abstract i n a way that one can guess what the discussion is all about. Our understanding is made better by the author making a comparison between the conventional and the electronic payment systems. There are some sections in the article that would be better if edited, omitted or condensed. A deeper history of the electronic payment systems would do better if included. The author would have given a consistent illustration using data if possible of how over the years, there has been growth in the sales and new developments thereof in electronic payments. Section five sounds more like a repetition thereby drawing negation by readers. This section talks of a comparison of the electronic payment systems. This is not a very significant section to the title. Clarity of statements The statements by the author are not only very clear but also solidified. The author gives awesome clarity and strength by supporting with data and facts. In the introduction, the author brings to our attention the fact th at e-commerce has grown so widely. In doing this he further supports with details for Austraila China, South Korea, India and Japan. We however may be quick to point out subjectivity in this information. We have no details for America Europe or Africa and so may not conclusively say that the case is the same for these regions too in terms of the growing sales in electronic commerce. Underlying assumptions The assumption that the author takes is that as electronic commerce grows, the online payment needs are bound to grow. This of course is a very strong assumption since for proper application of online transactions, there needs to be a payment system in place. Lack of trust on the online payment systems as stated by Abrazhevich (4) may operate to diminish the strength of these payment systems with the growth of e-commerce. Objectivity of the author in the article Although the paper is written in a desirable way, the author lacks objectivity in a few areas. Mentioning the advantages of electronic payment systems on one end would require that if the author is fair, disadvantages also be noted. However, the author ignores disadvantages and gives much emphasis on the positives of these payment systems only.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Emergence of payment systems in the age of electronic commerce: the state of the art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However the author gives focus to the security that is an issue especially as relates to the electronic payment systems. This shows a level of objectivity. In the opinion of Bauknecht, Madria and Pernul (91), for a broader acceptance of e-payment systems to be realized, they have to accord a high level of security. Regrettably, the desired position is not the case since there are several instances of credit card fraud among other losses incurred in online transactions because of the lee ways in the payment systems. In this paper the re is section that includes data collected by the other primary sources about electronic payment systems. A few issues crop up as relates to this section of the article. The research carried out is relevant to the article that is written by the author. Data used here relates to sales realized online and there relationship with payment systems which of course is relevant. The information collected on the factors that discourage the use of e-payment systems is also relevant since we can then know impediments to the growth. Statistics on e banking are also relevant. Methods and Data collected The description of experimental methods or how the data was collected is not given and so this is a weakness. The data is majorly secondary and so reliability is diminished. It follows that procedures are lacking, design of the study is weak and the verifiability of the information is subjective. Summary and Conclusion In conclusion, the author has done a tremendous job in convincing about how the growth of online payment systems has led to the growth in the payment systems. Just but for the few issues rose in terms of poor spelling, issues with poor structure of sentences and a bit of subjectivity, the article seems relevant and apt. E-payment systems are very crucial in ensuring success is achieved in electronic commerce. It is critical that user related issues be taken into account. It is important to have an efficient easy to use yet reliable system in place (Stanford-Smith Chiozza 354). I can therefore state that from the article, growth of online payment systems are largely dependant upon the growth of electronic commerce. Appendix B2B- Business to business electronic commerce model where businesses are able to collaborate online.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More B2C- Business to consumer electronic commerce model where businesses collaborate with consumers in the facilitation of trade by use of web based applications. C2C- Consumer to consumer electronic commerce model which facilitates consumers who would want to sell products to other consumers. Used mostly by E-bay. E-payment – Electronic payment; where payments for commodities and services are made over the internet. E-commerce- Electronic commerce where commerce related activities are carried out online. Forex- refers to foreign exchange where currencies are bought and sold. Works Cited Gangopadhyay, Aryya. Managing business with electronic commerce: issues and trends. London: idea Group, 2002. Print. Bauknecht Kurt, Madria Sanjay, Pernul Gà ¼nther. Electronic commerce and Web technologies. Zurich: university of Zurich, 1998. Print. Hedborv Lars. Small Business Projects/Internet. Indiana: Authorhouse, 2005. Print. Abrazhevich Dennis. Electronic payment systems: a user-centered perspective and interaction design. Eindhoven Technicshe Universiteit, 2004. Print. Stanford-Smith Brian Chiozza Enrica. E-work and E-commerce: novel solutions and practices for a global networked economy, Volume 1. Amsterderm: IOS Publishers, 2001. Print. This critical writing on Emergence of payment systems in the age of electronic commerce: the state of the art was written and submitted by user Camryn Campos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Facts and Characteristics of Rodents

Facts and Characteristics of Rodents Rodents (Rodentia) are a group of mammals that includes squirrels, dormice, mice, rats, gerbils, beavers, gophers, kangaroo rats, porcupines, pocket mice, springhares, and many others. There are  more than 2000 species of rodents alive today, making them the most diverse of all mammal groups.  Rodents are a widespread group of mammals, they occur in most terrestrial habitats and are only absent from Antarctica,  New Zealand, and a handful of  oceanic islands. Rodents have teeth that are specialized for chewing and gnawing. They have  one pair of incisors in each jaw (upper and lower)  and a large gap (called a diastema) located between their incisors and molars. The incisors of rodents grow continuously  and are maintained through constant use- grinding and gnawing wears away the tooth so that is always sharp and remains  the correct length. Rodents also have one or multiple pairs of premolars or molars (these teeth, also called cheek teeth, are  located towards the back of the animals upper and lower jaws). What They Eat Rodents eat a variety of different foods including leaves, fruit, seeds, and small invertebrates. The cellulose rodents eat is processed in a structure called the  caecum. The caecum is a pouch in the digestive tract that houses bacteria that are capable of breaking down tough plant material into digestible form. Key Role Rodents often play a key role in the communities in which they live because they serve as prey for other mammals and birds. In this way, they are similar to hares, rabbits, and pikas, a group of mammals whose members also serve as prey for carnivorous birds and mammals.  To counterbalance the intense predation pressures they suffer and to maintain healthy population levels, rodents  must produce large litters of young every year. Key Characteristics The  key characteristics of rodents include: one pair of incisors in each jaw (upper and lower)incisors grow continuouslyincisors lack enamel on the back of the tooth (and are worn down with use)a large gap (diastema) behind incisorsno canine teethcomplex jaw musculaturebaculum (penis bone) Classification Rodents are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Rodents Rodents are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Hystricognath rodents (Hystricomorpha): There are about 300 species of hystricognath rodents alive today. Members of this group include gundis, Old World porcupines, dassie rats, cane rats, New World porcupines, agoutis, acouchis, pacas, tuco-tucos, spiny rats, chinchilla rats, nutrias, cavies, capybaras, guinea pigs, and many others.  Hystricognath rodents have a unique arrangement of their jaw muscles that differs from all other rodents.Mouse-like rodents (Myomorpha) - There are about 1,400 species of mouse-like rodents alive today. Members of this group include mice, rats, hamsters, voles, lemmings, dormice, harvest mice, muskrats, and gerbils. Most species of mouse-like rodents are nocturnal and feed on seeds and grains.Scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares (Anomaluromorpha): There are nine species of scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares alive today. Members of this group include the Pels flying squirrel, long-eared flying mouse, Cameroon scaly-tail, East African springhare, and the South African springhare. Some members of this group (notably the scaly-tailed squirrels) have membranes that stretch between their front and hind legs that enable them to glide. Squirrels-like rodents (Sciuromorpha): There are about 273 species of squirrel-like rodents  alive today. Members of this group include beavers, mountain beavers, squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, and flying squirrels. Squirrels-like rodents have a unique arrangement of their jaw muscles that differs from all other rodents. Source: Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, lAnson H, Eisenhour D.  Integrated Principles of Zoology  14th ed. Boston MA: McGraw-Hill; 2006. 910 p.

Innovation and knowledge management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Innovation and knowledge management - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that when it comes to the current competitive situations of organizations, innovation has been granted high regard by firms as it has been significantly associated with improved growth and performance through developments in quality, productivity, effectiveness and market shares. Often, the terms â€Å"innovation† and â€Å"creativity† are interchangeably used; however, primary differences can be distinguished between the two. Creativity is an essential step for innovation to be successfully applied. In fact, the current definition of innovation has become equal to creativity plus effective implementation. In the creativity stage, useful ideas are generated while the innovation process involves the course of action and the actual development of these ideas to reality. To simply put it, the innovation first starts with a particular need which brings forth a creative idea. Amabile et al suggest that all innovations start with th e formation of a creative idea. Innovation is therefore defined as a successful and effective achievement of creative ideas that are brought up in an organization. In terms of implementing a physical product or object, product design and development is extremely necessary. As in this stage, concept development, as well as the testing and manufacturing of the product or object, is undergone. When an organization has conceptualized and evaluated their ideas, through product design and development they are able to make them concrete and tangible using a systematic method.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 178

Assignment Example 2. Monopolistic competition is a term used to refer to that state of a market in which there are several buyers of a product or services, but the number of sellers of that product or service is low and these suppliers differentiate their goods and services on the basis of differentiation technique (Hall 321). In a monopoly there is only one supplier, while in monopolistic competition there is more than one seller. In monopoly there is no competition taking place, but in monopolistic competition firms compete against each other. The barriers to entry in monopolistic competition are lower than that of a monopoly. 3. Firms that operate in under the state of monopolistic competition experience both productive as well as allocative inefficiency. They experience productive inefficiency because they produce at a level that is lower than the level of MR (Marginal Revenue) is equal to MC (Marginal Cost) (Hall 324). This means that they experience productive inefficiency because they produce less than the amount of goods and services demanded in order to increase their profitability. They experience allocative inefficiency because they have more capacity to produce goods and services and they are involved in the process of producing lesser goods and services as compared to their capacity. 4. Firms that fall in the category of either monopolistic competition or firms that are even recognized to be operating in a state of imperfect competition are involved in producing lesser goods and services than the amount of goods and services they can actually produce and this situation has been regarded by economists as excess capacity (Hall 325). In monopolistic competition, organizations compete on the basis of differentiation and target specific consumers while firms in this form of competition produce similar kinds of goods and services. In order to target a few and charge premium prices they produce less than what the overall

Steroids in Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Steroids in Sports - Essay Example An athlete’s career is fairly short compared with other careers and needs to be maximised. This may seem like sound reasoning for allowing performance enhancing drugs until one takes a look at the some of the health problems associated with the prolonged abuse of performance enhancing drugs. It has been associated with both long term and short term damage to athletes and has even been implicated in the deaths of some athletes. In addition, the use of performance enhancing drugs offers an unfair advantage to the athletes who choose take them in their quest for glory and money and completely goes against the unwritten values of sport which include honesty and integrity. When the view of athletes of athletes is taken into consideration regarding the use of performance-enhancing drugs, it appears that over half of them seemed convinced that would actually contemplate the use of such drugs while the others firmly opposed it. This paper will attempt to critically take a look at the reasoning behind the argument that performance enhancing drugs should be legalised and then present the counter arguments for it. I will argue that despite the reasoning provided for it, the (ab)use of performance enhancing drugs in any sport is dishonest and detrimental to the health of the athlete who chooses to use it. The use of performance enhancing drugs in the world of sports has been present probably since the start of sports competition (Campos et al, 2003). Two major events in recent history that shocked the world of sport was Ben Johnson admitting to the use of performance enhancing drugs in 1988 (Catlin et al, 2008) and the scandal surrounding the Tour de France in 1998 with allegations of doping (Schneider, 2004). While most people would agree that the use of performance enhancing drugs should be banned it is worth taking a look at the other side of the argument stating that these drugs should be legalised too. One of the main reasons given by bodies like the Sports Cou ncil in Britain or the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) have been the health risks associated with performance enhancing drugs (Hanstad and Waddington, 2009). It has been argued that if this concern for the health of elite athletes is really the reason for the ban of performance enhancing drugs, then concern must be had for other aspects of sport that affect health like sports-related injuries. There have been no sports bodies that have passed rules on whether an athlete can perform whilst injured though the risk of injury is quite high for many sports (O’Leary, 2001 from Hanstad and Waddington, 2009). Athletes who take part in sports, especially contact sports, effectively work in an extremely hazardous environment. There is a high risk of sports-related injuries or the development of chronic conditions later in life as a result of the sport (Hanstad and Waddington, 2009). One study actually concluded that the risk of injury if a thousand times higher in athletes playing prof essional football than in jobs such as construction or mining (Hawkins and Fuller, 1998 from Hanstad and Waddington, 2009). Similarly, when considering a sport like American football, the average length of the career of a player is a meagre 3.2 years

Competitive Advantage of a Construction Company

Competitive Advantage of a Construction Company Assume that you manage a company – ABC Construction, which your company has the  scale similar to YTL. By using 5 forces model (and any other analysis tools), access your  competitive advantage in the property development industry. For this question, assumptions are made to ABC Construction which has similar scale to YTL. However, to increase the competitiveness advantage of the company, I would also like to include other assumptions to ABC Construction. The assumption will be made based on the following: ABC Construction have other subsidiaries companies such as Cement Company and hotels. About the same historical years involving in the construction industry. Has been involved in overseas property development projects. Listed company in Bursa Malaysia and Tokyo Stock Exchange. Involve in the SoHo property development. For property development industry, the threat of new entrants to ABC Construction is low because the barriers to entry property industry is high. As it required huge capital to enter this industry to purchase land, machineries, tools, plants, other business and marketing activities. At this point, since ABC construction has about 60 years of experience in these industry, the threat of new entrants is relatively a minor problem which does not cause any competitive disadvantages to the company. The working capital for the company is already strong enough and very liquidity. Benefit from economies of scale in financial economies and economies of scope, as a big construction player with long history in the industry, ABC construction has increment efficiency, more trustworthy and can take these advantages by borrowing funds from bank at a lower interest rates compared to the other competitors. Lower interest rates, eventually provides bigger cash flow and generate greater profit return. This allow capital expansion such as can build more units of houses or properties with less input costs compare to smaller scale competitors which gets high interest rates in borrowing. Apart from that, ABC construction also able to provide product differentiation. Since the company has been involved in different types of businesses, the company able to apply its unique skills and resources to achieve better utilization of land, human capitals, more appealing design in development and innovation which then generate higher revenues and return in profit. Different design theme and concepts can be applied to produce differentiation such as branded luxury residential (8 Conlay-KSK LAND), private gates park concepts (Sentul Park- Sentul Raya Sdn Bhd), and natural elements to provide therapeutic lifestyles (Ecoworld- Eco World Development Sdn Bhd) with its strong working capital. ABC Construction able to spend a large sum of money in creating something new to attract their potential buyers. ABC construction able to convenience its potential customer by spending a great deal of money on advertising in the newspaper, radio, websites and television programmes. For example, E COWORLD has successful transform their company to a brand which attract customers to value their product and thus new entrance need more resource to overcome loyalties and leads to less profit or even losses. With its globally population and reputation, ABC Construction has an addition competitive advantages. The company can launch and sold their properties through distribution network either locally or internationally. The distribution channel for ABC construction will be high as it does not only involve actively in Malaysia, its subsidiaries company also involve actively in oversea projects in Singapore, Indonesia, England, Australia and China. This make the company has larger distribution channel compared to other competitors. In terms of bargaining power of suppliers, the main materials for construction are steel bars, formworks, concrete. The suppliers are not concentrated or differentiated. On the other hand, ABC Construction will have greater advantages compared to its competitors because the company has its own cement company and internet company. The company do not need to worry about the increase in price for the cement and the fluctuation of the supplies. The control of cement and concrete material is under its own supervision while on the other hand, other competitors has to worry about the bargaining power towards suppliers. Thus, the bargaining power of suppliers tend to be low, less threat to forward integration. Besides that, the company has been involved in other business sectors as well, thus they have greater bargaining power to the suppliers for the supplies of materials. Bank is also one of the important suppliers in the property industry, as they will decide whether to fund your project or at what interest is charged to the company. However, with the strong background of the company, this also would not be a big problem. Due to the buoyant economic growth of Malaysia and relatively low property values compared to other Asian country, the bargaining power of buyers in property industry tend to be low. Apart from that buyers for properties are mostly individual thus the pressure tend to be low. However, the increasing number of property in the industry, customer now do possess a threat of integrating backward. According to The Star Online on 16 August 2014, Malaysian property market is consolidating because of the slower growth and the oversupply of high-rise condominium units (Toh Then, 2015). The property of transaction in Klang Valley for 2014 appear to be drop by 36.24% compared to 2013 (Thean, 2015). Besides that, with the implementation of GST, buyers are now tend to be more careful in their spending. Even though the new implemented GST is not included in the residential properties but a comparison done by loan street shows there is a 3.41% increase in price for new residential properties post-GS T implementation (Loan street, 2015). As these scenario happened, the buyers now tend to have more bargaining power. The second rules of thumb for demand and supply stated that if demand decreases supply remains unchanged, leads to a lower price. Buyer now will look for higher quality, greater services at better price. However, property developers are always smart, to secure their profit margin, lower the property’s price tactic will not be used. They will either decrease the size of the property to meet the affordable price of the buyers and also input much more supplementary benefit to increase the sales during down time, ABC Construction can input much more other supplementary benefit to push the sales such as exclude or lower the payment for sell and purchase agreement, offered other services such free installation of wireless broadband services for a certain period for the buyers. Threat of substitute products will be Small Office Home Office (SOHO), Small Office Flexible Office (SOFO) and Small Office Versatile Office (SOVO). This type of property trend had been growing lately but still not so favourable in Malaysia due to issues like it is commercial property where housing loan interest rate, utilities, maintenance and others will based on commercial rate. Thus, the threat of substitute are low. Besides that, ABC construction also involve in the SoHo property development other than residential and commercial property development which means ABC Construction has diverse it development into different field which not only one of the competitive advantages also minimise the threat of substitute. The competitive on rivalry among existing firms will be high. As there are a lot of big players in the property industries such as Sunway Bhd, SP Setia Bhd Group, Sime Darby Property Bhd, Mah Sing Group Bhd, IOI Properties Group Bhd and many others developers. However, due to the diverse investment in different field other than construction industry, ABC construction has lower exit barriers compared to others competitors in the property industry which make them at competitive advantages. It can diverse it resources to other related field such as hotel industry, manufacturing industry and infrastructure industry given that the company cannot cope with the high competitive pressure scenario in property industry.

Physics of Stopping a Bike :: physics bicycle

In short brakes are a tool that turn kinetic energy into heat(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakes). This is accomplished by applying friction in one way or another. In the case of disk brakes friction is created because the braking mechanism exerts a force on the break pads which pushes them into contact with disk. It is this contact combined with the fact that the disks are rotating that causes kinetic energy to be converted to heat. If the purpose of brakes is to convert kinetic energy into heat, then in order to know how much heat the brakes make requires that we find out how much kinetic energy there is in a moving bicycle. The important thing to know about an object that is moving on wheels is that its kinetic energy is equal to half of its mass including the wheels(Mb) multiplied by the square of its velocity(V) plus the kinetic energy in the rotating wheels. In this case I am going to assume that all of the mass of the wheels is located on the outer edge (this isn't really the case, but most of the mass is there). Then the kinetic energy of a wheel due to rotation is half of its mass(Mw) multiplied by the square of its radius(r) multiplied by the square of its angular velocity(w) multiplied by two since there are two wheels. kinetic energy of the bicycle = Â ½MbV2 + 2Â ½Mwr2w2 Since the velocity of an object rolling on wheel(s) is equal the radius of the wheel times its angular velocity we can substitute V2 in for r2w2. This substitution leaves us with: kinetic energy of the bike = V2(Mw+Â ½Mb). I mentioned on the last page that we must stop the bike by turning its kinetic energy into friction. To do this, the brakes apply a force to the disk with pads. The force of this friction is equal to the total downward force (f) that the pads put on the disk(the pads are usually on each side of the disk and crush it between them) multiplied by the coefficient of friction(u). force of friction = (f)(u) For our purposes, while a bike is coasting the only things besides pedaling that can effect its speed are the force of friction from the brakes and gravity.

Influence of Rules and Regulation on Public Sector Accounting Practice

Title: Rules And Regulation In Public Sector Accounting. Date / Time: 07 October 2012 (Monday) / 4:00 Pm Location: Room Spk308, Othman Yeop Abdullah Building (School Of Accounting. ) Guest: Student Of Public Sector Accounting Group C Agenda: Influence Of Rules And Regulation On Public Sector Accounting Practise. Last Sunday, we are discussing about the rule and regulation regarding Public Sector Accounting Practice. On that day, we are discussing about the article in federal law which on part VII (Financial Provision).Initially, we must know about the establishment history of the Federal Constitution. Federal Constitution it’s also known it as the Malaysian Constitution. It is the written legal documentation that it’s formed based on two previous documents of the Federation of Malaya Independence Constitution of 1948 and 1957. The legal drafted based on the advice of Reid Commission. Federal Constitution consists of several different parts. Public Sector Accounting Practice is related to part VII in the Federal Constitution.These VII parts consist of several articles. The article starts from Article 96 until Article 112. This segment is focus on the financial provision for the government and state. Article 96, Indicates that no money can be raised by taxation or rates, nor can it be spent (except) under the authority of the federal law. Article 97, all revenues and monies raised or received by the Federal government shall be paid to the Federal Consolidated Fund and all revenues and monies received by the state shall be paid to the State Consolidated Fund.Article 98, Indicates that expenditure charge to the Federal Consolidated Fund include grant, remuneration of the royalties, pensions, debt charges, money to pay for court judgment. Next Article 99, Annual financial statements require the federal government to prepare and submit to the Parliament, statements of estimated receipts and estimated expenditure of the following year before the commencement of that year. Also requires federal government to submit statement of assets and liabilities of last financial year.Article 100, Supply Bills indicates that expenditure to be met from the consolidated fund excluding charged expenditure shall be included in a bill known as Supply Bill. Article 101, if the amo unt appropriated (approved) by the Supply Act is insufficient, a supplementary budget can be prepared and submitted to Parliament. Article 102, Expenditure of unusual urgency not is included in the approved budget; it needs to be approved by Parliament. Article 103, The purpose of the Contingencies Fund is to meet urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure for which no other provision exist.Article 104, Withdrawals from Consolidated Funds regulates payment for charged expenditure authorized by Supply Act and also Article 102. Article 105, Auditor General is appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Council of Rulers and is eligible for reappointment. Article 106, The Auditor General will perform such other duties as specified by the King on accounts of federal, states and other public authorities. Article 107, the audit report should be submitted to the King to be laid in the Parliament.The states accounts’ and other state autho rities should be submitted to the state ruler for presentation to the State Legislative Assembly. Article 109, Grants for States indicates that Federal government shall make to each state a grant, capitation grant. Article 110, Assignment of Taxes and Fees to the States, each state will receive portion of taxes collected within the states which receive 10% of export duties of mineral produced by states. Article 111, The Federation shall not borrow except under the authority of federal law and state.Last Article 112, Restrict alternation by states to any addition to its establishment or the establishment of any of its department or alter the rates of established salaries and emoluments. DISCUSSION: We have conducted a discussion in the class. Before starting the presentation, we already began the discussion session. We ask the students to give their opinion about article 96 until article 112. one of our friends, Noor Amiera binti Jaafar gave her opinion regarding article number 97. S he said, â€Å"Federal Constitution related to government financial.Example Article 97, subject to federal constitution, all revenue came from state will be accounted to the state government†. Besides Noor Amiera, the others member also provides their own opinion like, Teoh Vin Sen he said state government will collect the money and revenue from state if under the federal government. Last but not least our friends Yap Kit Yeng, she gave an opinion regarding article number 96, and she said the federal government will collect the revenue from taxation. SUGGESTION: 1.We suggest that it’s compulsory for every student to read the book before they came to the class in order to improve their participation. Moreover by reading before they came to the class, the objective of Student Centred Learning because they can give their own opinion about the discussed topics. 2. Each group should be more confident when they want to do the presentation. Besides that, the presenter must ma ke slide presentation clear. 3. Student should give the full attention when the presenter present about their chapter. Besides that, the presenter must point to the audience when they want the answer.

Canadas forestry fishing and farming industries essays

Canadas forestry fishing and farming industries essays Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia, and relies heavily on the main three primary resources. The fishing industry is one of the primary industries in Canada, which is concentrated on both the East and West Coast of Canada. The farming industry is also a primary industry, which is concentrated primarily in the Prairie Provinces. Lastly, forestry is a major industry in provinces like New Brunswick. In order for Canada to have a strong economic future in these three primary resources, conservation of the resources must take place. The fishing industry is one of the primary industries in Canada, which is concentrated on the East and the West Coast of Canada. Fishing is a major economic industry for the Atlantic and Pacific provinces of Canada. Unfortunately there is a depletion of codfish on the East Coast of Canada and there is a depletion of salmon on the West Coast of Canada. There are various solutions that can take place to conserve the fish. In order for Canada to prosper economically conservation of the fishes must take place. Fishing is a major economic industry for the Atlantic and Pacific provinces of Canada. The main reason why fishing is a major industry is because of the plankton thrive that exists in both the East and West Coast. In 1996 the landed value of the fish harvest was $240 million and provided jobs for over 13, 000 harvesting workers and 10, 000 fish processing workers in Newfoundland (www.greenpeace.org). On the West Coast the total landed value of commercially caught salmon was between 1991 and 1994 which averaged over $200 million annually, accounting for around half of the landed value of the entire commercial fleet in British Columbia (www.bcsalmon.ca). The fish-processing sector employs over 8,000 individuals during peak periods and generates a wholesale value for salmon roughly double the landed value (www.bcsalmon.ca). Many small isolated communities depend upon the fishe...

20 5-Paragraph Essay Topics on Outsourcing and Global Remote Employment

20 5-Paragraph Essay Topics on Outsourcing and Global Remote Employment The direction and tone of an essay depends largely on the topic chosen by a student. Therefore, the choice of your topic plays a huge role in how you go about developing the body that either explains argues or compliments your stance on it. Therefore in the case of a 5-paragraph essay, it is imperative you first understand what is required of you before going ahead to choose a topic on outsourcing and global remote employment. A 5-paragraph essay is one that literarily consists of 5 paragraphs and follows a written format which must be followed to the letter. The paragraphs it consists of include an introductory paragraph, 3 paragraphs that make up its body and the concluding paragraph. In this article, we will attempt to build on the previous article which provided 10 5-paragraph facts on outsourcing and global remote employment and will play a major role in developing this article. This article will not only provide 20 essay topics but it will also include a short essay written according to one of the topics on this list in order to provide you with some direction on how to go about writing yours. The top 20 5-paragraph essay topics: The Importance of Outsourcing and Remote Employment to Manufacturing How Outsourcing Helps Manufacturers Meet Production Deadlines The Role Outsourcing and Remote Employment Play in Developing Nations Outsourcing and its Effects on GDP Growth in World Economies How Enterprises reduce Financial Expenditure through Global Outsourcing Discussing the Positive Effects of Outsourcing in Corporate Enterprises Explaining The Growth in Freelancing and Global Remote Employment Wage Disparities a Factor in Driving Global Outsourcing Practices The IT Industry and its Gains from Outsourcing Analyzing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Analyzing Outsourcing Practices in Information Technology The Growth in Legal Outsourcing: Who Stands to Gain? The Effects of Legal Outsourcing in Driving Globalization Discussing the Anomalies in Sales and Marketing Job Outsourcing Analyzing Why Enterprises Do Not Outsource Sales and Marketing Jobs The Role of India as Global Outsourcing Hub The Correlation between Outsourcing Manufacturing Jobs and China’s Big Leap Forward The Global Outsourcing Market Growth and its Positive Effects on World Economies Analyzing Global Remote Employment and its Negative Effects on the US Economy Making a Case for Outsourcing as Financial Support to Developing Economies These are the 20 topics we have outlined for your use when in need of essay topics on outsourcing and global remote employment. A majority of these topics will require certain facts and figures to help you make your argument and this is where the 10 facts mentioned earlier come in. Lastly, an added essay and our writer’s guide for 5-paragraph essay on outsourcing and global remote employment will be provided in the third article of this series. Sample 5-Paragraph Essay: The Role Outsourcing and Remote Employment Play in Developing Nations In order to grow the developing countries into fully developed nations, a lot of work must be done to increase the standard of living experienced by individuals in these regions. And one of the important things required for a better society is the provision of job opportunities to every individual who is qualified for one. Therefore, this essay will focus on how outsourced jobs and remote employment increase the standard of living in developing countries. Outsourcing generates approximately $500billion a year and most of these funds are paid as labour cost to workers and freelancers from developing regions such as India, China and parts of Africa. Enterprises in the western world have continued to embrace the flexibility offered by outsourcing for it enables these workers to save costs and minimize capital resources. Although in most cases, the fees received by freelancers or remote employees are quite small- when compared to how much their professional colleagues in western countries receive- these wages still account to the gross domestic product of the recipient’s country while also providing him or her with avenues to earn an income thereby increasing the individual’s quality of life. The Chinese and Indian economies have grown to their current sizes due to the large amount of jobs currently being outsourced to Asia. In 2014, a study found that 69% of all jobs outsourced from both the United States and Europe were completed in India. And a quick calculation- using $500 billion as estimated outsourcing cost will show that India earns approximately $200billion dollars from outsourcing which has gone a long way in developing its society in no small measure. China on the other hand, currently receives the bulk of outsourced manufacturing jobs and a 2015 estimate puts the number of outsourced jobs to China at approximately 2 million yearly. This goes to show that irrespective of the issues associated with cheap labour, the amount of jobs being outsourced still makes up for this. Although most of the financial gains fall on the part of the developing nation, statistics show that just about everyone involved in the outsourcing industry stand to gain a lot. On the part of the outsourcers, approximately 85% believe that outsourcing labour on the global stage is quite beneficial in saving cost while the employees or freelancers are provided with an avenue- which their country may not be able to provide- to earn a living. Also spending the received funds in one’s home country directly impacts the standard of living there in a positive manner. In conclusion, the developing world has a lot to gain from outsourcing for it provides these regions with opportunities to grow as well as create friendly policies for its citizens and business climate that can attract more investments from the developed world. The globalization outsourcing achieves in terms of shared labour should also be regarded in a positive light for it allows experts from both collaborating regions to share ideas, learn from one another and employ these ideas in bettering the lives of their people. References: Michael, C. (2004). The Outsourcing Revolution https://www.economist.com/media/globalexecutive/outsourcing_revolution_e_02.pdf Antonio, E. Onodera, O. (2007). Facilitating Trade and Structural Adjustment the Philippines. Lee, M. Tcha, M. (2004). The Color of Money: The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Transition Economies. Review of World Economics, 140(2), pp.211-229. Houseman, S. (2010). Offshoring and the State of American manufacturing. [Kalamazoo, Mich.]: [W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research]. ì µÅ"ë‚ ¨Ã¬â€ž , Pyeong Tak Nahm, (2012). An Analysis of Wage Differential in Manufacturing by Global Outsourcing. The Journal of International Trade Commerce, 8(3), pp.15-34. Dhar, S. and Balakrishnan, B. (2006). Risks, Benefits, and Challenges in Global IT Outsourcing. Journal of Global Information Management, 14(3), pp.59-89.

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Review - Essay Example o take people’s property and rarely are they prosecuted, but even if they face charges, rarely do they spend a night in prison since they have all the money they require for bail. Michael Moore produced the documentary on 2009 in association with Anne Moore. The essay will relay detailed and precise information on how capitalism tore the US apart as depicted in Moore’s documentary and how this directly affected the nation’s economy. In the beginning of the documentary, Moore shows how the US government evicts hard working American citizens from their homes just because there was a delay in mortgage payment. According to Moore, the repossessed houses usually go back to real estate agencies such as â€Å"Condo Vultures† who resell them to other willing buyers while the previous owners are left homeless with no place to go (Moore). Moore further states that if one is of higher class, he could easily acquire property five times more than anybody else could. This is because he or she has powerful connections that normally conceal the acts. This is what Moore refers as the law of life. For instance, whereas many low class Americans were being evicted from their homes that were later on being sold, other people such as owners of â€Å"Condo Vultures†, a real estate agency based in Florida flourished rapidly from selling repossessed homes (Moore). It is because of this that the US experienced weakened uni ons, more political powers granted to corporations in addition to widened socioeconomic gap between the high class and lower class persons (Moore). Apart from foreclosures, other illegal activities highlighted in the documentary include the children’s’ cash scandal where two judges; Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan received millions of dollars from Robert Mericle an owner of two private juvenile facilities. The two judges were accused of receiving the money in return, they were to increase the number of prisoners referred to Mericle’s juvenile facilities

Hegels Interpretation on Universal Love Research Paper

Hegels Interpretation on Universal Love - Research Paper Example The fragment starts with the author’s reasoning on equality. These contemplations of the equality of man in front of the Lord must have been aroused in Hegel by the events and ideas of the French revolution. In this fragment, Hegel states that the equality of right brings on the dependence of people. As a result, the man loses his domination over objects, and thus he loses his worth, whereas humans are used to measuring their worth by the degree of their influence over the objective world. Feeling himself only a tiny part of the universe, the man starts despising himself, thus injuring his self and coming to ever greater discord. Whereas â€Å"the object, severed from the subject, is dead†, the only kind of love he can experience towards Lord and the universe is the love to the dead objects. The living union between the man and the world is not possible, while love towards the dead object is unrequited. The individual finds himself opposed to the external world, entirely independent of it. The man loses the sense of life and does not see the essence of his existence. These passages, in fact, describe the state of many modern people. We spend our lives attempting to overcome our loneliness and seeking help outside, we are not able to bear responsibility for our acts. Feeling detached from the external world we doom ourselves for a constant struggle with the opposed world, which often seems to be hostile to us. Not realizing that we are the part of the universe, just as our arms and legs are parts of our body, we are not able to hear the voice of God in us and understand his intentions. We lose ourselves following the wrong teachings and ideals, and only love has the power to make us whole, able to understand the divine plans and feel the way the universe moves. Hegel explains that it is so difficult for the man to bear this nullity, while our necessity is always relative, â€Å"the one exists only for the other† (p.304).